Relationship between microstructure formation and in vitro starch digestibility in baked gluten-starch matrices.

Increased prevalence of diabetes prompts the development of foods with reduced starch digestibility. This study analyzed the impact of adding soluble dietary fiber (inulin-IN; polydextrose-PD) to baked gluten-starch matrices (7.5-13%) on microstructure formation and in vitro starch digestibility. IN and PD enhanced water-holding capacity, the hardness of baked matrices, and lowered water activity in the formulated matrices, potentially explaining the reduced starch gelatinization degree as IN or PD concentration increased. A maximum gelatinization decrease (26%) occurred in formulations with 13% IN. Micro-CT analysis showed a reduction in total and open porosity, which, along with the lower gelatinization degree, may account for the reduced in vitro starch digestibility. Samples with 13% IN exhibited a significantly lower rapidly available glucose fraction (8.56 g/100 g) and higher unavailable glucose fraction (87.76 g/100 g) compared to the control (34.85 g/100 g and 47.59 g/100 g, respectively). These findings suggest the potential for developing healthier, starch-rich baked foods with a reduced glycemic impact.

Looking for a broader mindset in psychometrics: the case for more participatory measurement practices.

Psychometrics and the consequences of its use as the method of quantitative empirical psychology has been continuously criticized by both psychologists and psychometrists. However, the scope of the possible solutions to these issues has been mostly focused on the establishment of methodological-statistical best practices for researchers, without any regard to the pitfalls of previous stages of measurement as well as theory development of the targeted phenomenon. Conversely, other researchers advance the idea that, since psychometrics is riddled with many issues, the best way forward is a complete rework of the discipline even if it leaves psychologists and other practitioners without any way to measure quantitatively for a long period of time. Given these tensions, we therefore advocate for an alternative path to consider while we work on making substantive change in measurement. We propose a set of research practices focusing on the inclusion and active participation of groups involved in measurement activities, such as psychometrists, researchers but most importantly practitioners and potential participants. Involving a wider community while measuring in psychology could tackle some key issues that would take us closer to a more authentic approach to our phenomenon of interest.

Spontaneous bodily coordination varies across affective and intellectual child-adult interactions.

Research on child-adult interactions has identified that the morphology of bodily coordination seems to be sensitive to age and type of interaction. Mirror-like imitation emerges earlier in life and is more common during emotionally laden interactions, while anatomical imitation is acquired later and associated with cognitive tasks. However, it remains unclear whether these morphologies also vary with age and type of interaction during spontaneous coordination. Here we report a motion capture study comparing the spontaneous coordination patterns of thirty-five 3-year-old (20 girls; Mage = 3.15 years) and forty 6-year-old children (20 girls; Mage = 6.13 years) interacting with unacquainted adults during two storytelling sessions. The stories narrated the search of a character for her mother (Predominantly Affective Condition) or an object (Predominantly Intellectual Condition) inside a supermarket. Results show that children of both ages consistently coordinated their spontaneous movements towards adult storytellers, both in symmetric and asymmetric ways. However, symmetric coordination was more prominent in 3-year-old children and during predominantly emotional interactions, whereas asymmetric coordination prevailed in 6-year-old children and during predominantly intellectual interactions. These results add evidence from spontaneous interactions in favor of the hypothesis that symmetric coordination is associated with affective interactions and asymmetric coordination with intellectual ones.

Understanding human encounters goes beyond explaining musculoskeletal coordination: a review.

Complex systems theory has become one of the main frameworks to understand, model and explain interactional phenomena such as interpersonal coordination. In her paper, Butler (this issue) applies this approach to theorise about coordination at large, including human interactions. We argue that the all-encompassing language of complex systems theory leads to overemphasising the physical aspects that human interactions share with other coordinated systems in nature. This emphasis ultimately disregards the meaningful dimension implied in any human movement, understanding it as mechanical motion, rather than expressive actions.

Interpersonal coordination in three-year-old children: Functions, morphology, and temporality.

The temporal dimension of interpersonal macro- and micro-coordinations between young children and social partners, as well as its functions, has been well documented. However, the different morphologies that bodily micro-coordination can adopt during these interactions have received considerably less attention. This research studied the temporality and morphology of spontaneous child-adult micro-coordinations and their associated functions. For this purpose, three-year-old children (N = 35) were randomly assigned to storytelling sessions based on emotional or referential stories. Using motion capture technology, we traced rapid and spontaneous coordinations between torso movements, ranging from 0 to 1000 milliseconds. Results show that both mirror-like and anatomical coordinations spontaneously emerge in interactions between 3-year-old children and unfamiliar adults. Importantly, slightly delayed in time, mirror-like coordinations predominantly occur in emotional interactions, while zero-lag, anatomical coordinations occur in referential interactions. These results suggest that these morphologies might indeed inform different functions of coordination, as previously theorized in the literature. The evidence found could contribute to a better understanding of how interpersonal coordination shapes social interaction very early in development.

Effect of the Addition of Soluble Dietary Fiber and Green Tea Polyphenols on Acrylamide Formation and In Vitro Starch Digestibility in Baked Starchy Matrices.

Starch digestibility may be affected by food microstructural changes, as well as by specific interactions with some biomolecules, such as soluble dietary fibers (SDFs). It is well-known that acrylamide (AA) is a toxic and potentially carcinogenic compound formed in starchy food products processed at temperatures above 120 °C. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the addition of SDF and green tea polyphenols (GTP) on AA formation and in vitro starch digestibility in baked starchy matrices. The formulations were prepared using gluten and wheat starch, ensuring ~40 ± 2% (wet basis, w.b.) moisture in the doughs. In some samples, 7.5% (dry basis, d.b.) of starch was replaced with inulin (IN), polydextrose (PD) or partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG), and/or with GTP at 1% (d.b). Acrylamide was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the in vitro starch digestibility using the Englyst method. The GTP was able to reduce AA content by ~48%, and a combination of IN-GTP allowed it to be reduced by up to ~64%, revealing the lowest rapidly available glucose content (~17 mg/g glucose). While a PD-GTP mixture reduced the AA content by around ~57% and gave the highest unavailable glucose fraction (~74 mg/g glucose) compared to the control. This study showed how functional ingredients could be used to develop successfully healthier starchy bakery foods.

Dynamics of Simultaneous and Imitative Bodily Coordination in Trust and Distrust.

Body synchronization between interacting people involves coordinative movements in time, space and form. The introduction of newer technologies for automated video analysis and motion tracking has considerably improved the accurate measurement of coordination, particularly in temporal and spatial terms. However, the form of interpersonal coordination has been less explored. In the present study we address this gap by exploring the effect of trust on temporal and morphological patterns of interpersonal coordination. We adapted an optical motion-capture system to record spontaneous body movements in pairs of individuals engaged in natural conversations. We conducted two experiments in which we manipulated trust through a breach of expectancy (Study 1: 10 trustful and 10 distrustful participants) and friendship (Study 2: 20 dyads of friends and 20 dyads of strangers). In Study 1, results show the participants' strong, early mirror-like coordination in response to the confederates' breach of trust. In Study 2, imitative coordination tended to be more pronounced in pairs of friends than in pairs of non-friends. Overall, our results show not only that listeners move in reaction to speakers, but also that speakers react to listeners with a chain of dynamic coordination patterns affected by the immediate disposition of, and long-term relationship with, their interlocutors.

Análisis semiótico en secuencias de interacción empáticas y no empáticas: un estudio microgenético / Análise semiótica de sequências de interação empáticas e não empáticas: um estudo microgenético / Analyse sémiotique de séquences d’interaction empathique et non-empathique: une étude microgénétique

Este estudio tuvo por objetivo explorar y describir el proceso de regulación dialógica en interacciones conversacionales. Se registraron en video treinta díadas de estudiantes desconocidos entre sí en interacciones que tuvieron una manipulación orientada a generar una situación empática o bien no-empática. Se seleccionaron cuatro segmentos de conversación, dos por cada tipo de interacción. El texto fue analizado con un protocolo de análisis semiótico basado en el modelo de análisis propuesto por (Molina, 2007). Los resultados muestran que las interacciones empáticas se caracterizan por un proceso de coconstrucción de significados, con una adecuada administración de la tensión y una identificación con el signo lingüístico. Por otra parte, las interacciones no empáticas se caracterizan por la emergencia de signos lingüísticos que no continúan la secuencia de construcción de significados; con una alta tensión dialógica, y una estrategia de distanciamiento o abandono del campo de significado. (AU)

Cette étude vise à explorer et décrire le processus de régulation dialogique dans les interactions conversationnelles. On a enregistré sur vidéo 30 paires d’étudiants inconnus à l’autre dans des interactions ensemble, qui ont été orientés pour générer une situation de manipulation non-empathique ou empathique. Quatre segments de conversation, deux pour chaque type d’interaction, ont été sélectionnés. Le texte a été analysé avec un protocole d’analyse sémiotique basé sur le modèle d’analyse proposé par María Elisa Molina. Les résultats montrent que les interactions empathiques sont caractérisées par un processus de co-construction du sens, avec une bonne gestion du stress et une identification avec le signe linguistique. Par ailleurs, les interactions non-empathiques sont caractérisées par l’émergence de signes linguistiques qui ne poursuivent pas la séquence de la construction des significations, avec la tension dialogique haute et une stratégie de séparation ou de l’abandon du champ de sens. (AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo explorar e descrever o processo de regulação dialógica em interações conversacionais. Foram filmadas trinta duplas de alunos, desconhecidos entre si, em interações em conjunto, orientadas a gerar uma situação de manipulação não empática ou empática. Foram selecionados quatro segmentos de conversação, dois para cada tipo de interação. O texto foi analisado com um protocolo de análise semiótica com base no modelo de análise proposto por María Elisa Molina. Os resultados mostraram que as interações empáticas são caracterizadas por um processo de construção conjunta de sentido com uma adequada administração da tensão e identificação com o signo linguístico. Além disso, as interações não empáticas são caracterizadas pelo surgimento de signos linguísticos que não continuam a sequência de construção de significados, com alta tensão dialógica e uma estratégia de distanciamento ou abandono do campo de significado. (AU)

Análisis semiótico en secuencias de interacción empáticas y no empáticas: un estudio microgenético / Análise semiótica de sequências de interação empáticas e não empáticas: um estudo microgenético / Analyse sémiotique de séquences d’interaction empathique et non-empathique: une étude microgénétique / Semiotic analysis of empathic and non-empathic interaction sequences: microgenetic study

Este estudio tuvo por objetivo explorar y describir el proceso de regulación dialógica en interacciones conversacionales. Se registraron en video treinta díadas de estudiantes desconocidos entre sí en interacciones que tuvieron una manipulación orientada a generar una situación empática o bien no-empática. Se seleccionaron cuatro segmentos de conversación, dos por cada tipo de interacción. El texto fue analizado con un protocolo de análisis semiótico basado en el modelo de análisis propuesto por (Molina, 2007). Los resultados muestran que las interacciones empáticas se caracterizan por un proceso de coconstrucción de significados, con una adecuada administración de la tensión y una identificación con el signo lingüístico. Por otra parte, las interacciones no empáticas se caracterizan por la emergencia de signos lingüísticos que no continúan la secuencia de construcción de significados; con una alta tensión dialógica, y una estrategia de distanciamiento o abandono del campo de significado.

Cette étude vise à explorer et décrire le processus de régulation dialogique dans les interactions conversationnelles. On a enregistré sur vidéo 30 paires d’étudiants inconnus à l’autre dans des interactions ensemble, qui ont été orientés pour générer une situation de manipulation non-empathique ou empathique. Quatre segments de conversation, deux pour chaque type d’interaction, ont été sélectionnés. Le texte a été analysé avec un protocole d’analyse sémiotique basé sur le modèle d’analyse proposé par María Elisa Molina. Les résultats montrent que les interactions empathiques sont caractérisées par un processus de co-construction du sens, avec une bonne gestion du stress et une identification avec le signe linguistique. Par ailleurs, les interactions non-empathiques sont caractérisées par l’émergence de signes linguistiques qui ne poursuivent pas la séquence de la construction des significations, avec la tension dialogique haute et une stratégie de séparation ou de l’abandon du champ de sens.

Este estudo teve como objetivo explorar e descrever o processo de regulação dialógica em interações conversacionais. Foram filmadas trinta duplas de alunos, desconhecidos entre si, em interações em conjunto, orientadas a gerar uma situação de manipulação não empática ou empática. Foram selecionados quatro segmentos de conversação, dois para cada tipo de interação. O texto foi analisado com um protocolo de análise semiótica com base no modelo de análise proposto por María Elisa Molina. Os resultados mostraram que as interações empáticas são caracterizadas por um processo de construção conjunta de sentido com uma adequada administração da tensão e identificação com o signo linguístico. Além disso, as interações não empáticas são caracterizadas pelo surgimento de signos linguísticos que não continuam a sequência de construção de significados, com alta tensão dialógica e uma estratégia de distanciamento ou abandono do campo de significado.

This study aimed to explore and describe the process of dialogic regulation in conversational interactions. It were recorded on video 30 pairs of students together in unknown interactions that were oriented to generate a nonempathic or sympathetic handling situation, and four segments of conversation, two for each type of interaction, were selected. The text was analyzed with a protocol of semiotic analysis based on the analysis model proposed by (Molina, 2007). The results show that empathic interactions are characterized by a process of co-construction of meaning, with proper management of stress and an identification with the linguistic sign. Moreover, non-empathic interactions are characterized by the emergence of linguistic signs that do not continue the construction sequence of meanings, with high dialogic tension, and a strategy of distancing or abandonment of the meaning field.